Special Journal of the Medical Academy and other Life Sciences.

INCREASING PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA ITS ROLE IN MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS AND SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS

2026-03-01T20:52:52+00:00

Introduction: Alcohol consumption has become increasingly prevalent in Nigeria, evolving from a culturally accepted practice into a significant public health and socioeconomic concern. While alcohol traditionally played roles in ceremonies, social gatherings, and medicinal practices, its growing social acceptance has led to higher consumption rates, particularly among youths. Globally, harmful alcohol use accounts for millions of deaths annually and contributes substantially to the burden of disease. In Nigeria, rising alcohol consumption has been associated with major health complications, increased crime rates, and adverse socioeconomic outcomes.

Materials and Methods: This study employed a narrative literature review of epidemiological reports, national surveys, World Health Organization (WHO) data, and peer-reviewed research on alcohol consumption patterns in Nigeria. The review examined prevalence trends, regional variations, health consequences, social implications, and policy responses. Both internal (individual-level) and external (societal-level) effects of alcohol abuse were analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of its impact.

Results: Findings indicate persistently high and increasing rates of alcohol consumption across various regions of Nigeria, with particularly high prevalence among youths and young adults. Alcohol abuse is strongly associated with liver diseases, cardiovascular disorders, multiple cancers, mental health conditions, and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Additionally, alcohol contributes significantly to road traffic accidents, violent crimes, sexual assault, political thuggery, and reduced productivity. Socioeconomic consequences include increased healthcare expenditure, loss of manpower, unemployment, and slowed national development. Contributing factors include peer pressure, family influence, unemployment, media exposure, inadequate regulatory policies, and limited enforcement of alcohol control measures.

Conclusion: The increasing prevalence of alcohol consumption in Nigeria represents a major public health and socioeconomic challenge. Comprehensive strategies involving prevention, policy reform, regulation of alcohol marketing and availability, early screening using tools such as the WHO AUDIT, and strengthened rehabilitation services are essential. A coordinated effort between government institutions, healthcare providers, families, educational systems, and community organizations is necessary to mitigate the long-term health and socioeconomic consequences of alcohol abuse in Nigeria.

MODERN APPROACHES TO PEPTIC ULCER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

2026-02-28T20:09:27+00:00

Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), though traditionally associated with adults, is increasingly recognized as a significant clinical concern in children and adolescents. Pediatric peptic ulcers result from an imbalance between aggressive factors, such as gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori infection, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, and protective mucosal mechanisms. The condition presents diagnostic challenges due to nonspecific symptoms and may lead to serious complications, including gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction. Understanding modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches is essential for improving outcomes in pediatric populations.

Materials and Methods: This study employed a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles, clinical guidelines, and meta-analyses focusing on peptic ulcer disease in children and adolescents. Data were sourced from reputable medical databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Emphasis was placed on studies published within the last decade to ensure relevance to contemporary clinical practice. The review analyzed epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, complications, and both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies.

Results: The findings indicate that H. pylori infection remains a primary cause of peptic ulcers in pediatric populations, particularly in developing regions, while NSAID-induced ulcers are increasing globally. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most effective pharmacological agents for acid suppression and ulcer healing. Combination antibiotic therapy demonstrates high eradication rates for H. pylori, although rising antibiotic resistance presents therapeutic challenges. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protective agents, and lifestyle modifications serve as adjunctive therapies. Non-pharmacological measures, including dietary management and stress reduction, contribute to symptom control and prevention. Surgical intervention is reserved for refractory or complicated cases.

Conclusion: Modern management of peptic ulcers in children and adolescents requires a comprehensive, individualized approach that integrates accurate diagnosis, effective pharmacological therapy, eradication of H. pylori, and preventive strategies. Although progress has been made in reducing infection-related ulcers, increasing NSAID use and emerging antibiotic resistance necessitate ongoing research and updated clinical protocols. Early recognition and evidence-based management are critical to preventing complications and improving long-term pediatric health outcomes.

THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC STRESS ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

2026-02-28T00:40:25+00:00

Introduction: Chronic stress is a widespread health issue that significantly affects physical, mental, and social well-being. Prolonged activation of the body’s stress response systems, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system, has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Chronic stress influences cardiovascular health through hormonal imbalance, nervous system dysregulation, inflammation, and unhealthy behavioural adaptations. This study explores the relationship between chronic stress and cardiovascular disease, identifies vulnerable populations, and examines mechanisms linking stress to heart-related conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and heart failure.

Materials and Methods: This research used a multidisciplinary and evidence-based approach. A comprehensive literature review of peer-reviewed articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published within the last ten years was conducted across cardiology, psychology, and public health disciplines. Secondary data from large population-based studies, including the Framingham Heart Study, were analyzed to assess stress-related cardiovascular outcomes and biomarkers such as cortisol, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, and heart rate variability. A survey was developed and distributed online and in local health clinics to assess perceived stress levels, coping mechanisms, lifestyle habits, and cardiovascular symptoms. Case studies and intervention studies were also examined to evaluate stress management strategies.

Results: Findings indicate that chronic stress is highly prevalent, with nearly 30% of adults reporting high stress levels. Chronic stress contributes to cardiovascular disease through multiple interconnected pathways, including sustained hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and increased inflammatory responses. Elevated stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline were associated with increased blood pressure and vascular strain. Inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), were linked to accelerated atherosclerosis and plaque instability. Behavioural factors such as smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, and sleep disturbances further compounded cardiovascular risk. Intervention strategies including mindfulness practices, cognitive behavioural therapy, healthy lifestyle changes, workplace interventions, and integrated care models demonstrated potential in reducing stress-related cardiovascular risk.

Conclusion: Chronic stress plays a significant and multifactorial role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. The findings highlight the importance of integrating stress assessment and management into cardiovascular care and public health strategies. Addressing stress through clinical interventions, workplace policies, community-based programs, and policy-level initiatives can reduce cardiovascular risk and improve overall health outcomes. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach is essential to mitigate the long-term impact of chronic stress on heart health.

WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE (WASH) AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES

2026-02-28T01:14:44+00:00

Introduction: Access to safe water, adequate sanitation, and proper hygiene (WASH) is a fundamental human right and a critical determinant of public health. Globally, approximately 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services, and 4.2 billion people lack safely managed sanitation. Inadequate WASH conditions contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, including diarrheal diseases, cholera, respiratory infections, maternal complications, and child mortality. This study examines the relationship between WASH interventions and public health outcomes, focusing on disease reduction, economic impact, gender equity, and social development in vulnerable populations.

Methods and Materials: The study employed a multidisciplinary approach combining literature review, experimental field research, case study analysis, and community-based intervention. The research was conducted in a village in Sub-Saharan Africa with a population of 10,000 residents, where baseline assessments showed limited access to safe water, high rates of open defecation, and inadequate hygiene practices. Interventions included installation of community water purification systems, construction of household and school sanitation facilities, hygiene education campaigns targeting women and children, and training of local health personnel. Data collection methods included water quality laboratory analysis, household surveys, questionnaires, epidemiological monitoring, and six-month follow-up evaluations to measure health, behavioural, and socioeconomic outcomes.

Results: Post-intervention findings demonstrated significant improvements in public health indicators. Diarrhea morbidity decreased by 40%, and waterborne infections declined by 25%. Water purification systems reduced the prevalence of waterborne pathogens by 60%, and open defecation decreased by 80% following toilet construction. Hygiene education increased handwashing practices by 50%. Additionally, school attendance improved by 20%, particularly among girls, and local businesses reported fewer sick days and increased productivity. The intervention also showed measurable economic benefits through reduced medical costs and enhanced labour productivity.

Conclusion: The findings confirm that targeted WASH interventions significantly improve public health outcomes, reduce disease burden, and promote economic and social development. Sustainable WASH infrastructure, combined with behavioural change strategies and community engagement, is essential for long-term health improvements. Scaling up WASH programs, strengthening monitoring systems, increasing funding, and addressing governance and environmental challenges are critical to achieving global public health and development goals.

FAMILY COUNCIL AT A RETIREMENT HOME

2026-02-28T19:19:49+00:00

_{Introduction: Establishing a Family Council at a retirement home is a structured initiative designed to enhance communication, collaboration, and the overall quality of resident care. Family councils serve as formal platforms where family members, caregivers, staff, and management meet regularly to discuss concerns, share feedback, and participate in decision-making processes. Research supports the role of family councils in improving resident satisfaction, strengthening staff-family relationships, and promoting person-centered care. This project aimed to organize and implement a Family Council to improve communication, increase family engagement, and enhance care outcomes within a retirement home setting.}

Methods: The project was implemented over a six-month period in three phases: planning and setup, initial council meetings, and ongoing operations with evaluation. An internal steering committee was formed to develop the council structure, define roles (chairperson, secretary, members), and establish meeting protocols. Recruitment of family members and staff was conducted through newsletters, emails, and informational sessions. Meetings were scheduled bi-monthly, with both in-person and virtual participation options available. Data were collected through stakeholder feedback surveys, meeting evaluations, and qualitative assessments of communication, engagement, and care improvements. Continuous monitoring and mid-project reviews were conducted to assess effectiveness and address challenges.

Results: The implementation of the Family Council resulted in improved communication between families and staff, increased family involvement in care planning, and enhanced transparency in operational decisions. Families reported greater satisfaction and a stronger sense of inclusion in decision-making processes. Staff indicated improved understanding of resident preferences and family expectations, contributing to more personalized care. While participation levels varied among families, the council successfully fostered collaboration and reduced misunderstandings. Challenges included scheduling conflicts, variable engagement, and the need for improved communication between meetings; however, these were addressed through structured agendas, digital participation tools, and clearer follow-up procedures.

Conclusion: The establishment of a Family Council proved to be an effective strategy for strengthening collaboration among families, staff, and management in a retirement home setting. By creating a structured forum for dialogue and shared decision-making, the initiative enhanced resident-centered care and improved overall satisfaction. Continued evaluation, increased participation strategies, and the integration of digital tools are recommended to sustain and expand the council’s impact. Family councils represent a valuable and sustainable model for improving quality of care in long-term residential settings.