Water pollution and its impact on human health in Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Water pollution is a significant environmental and public health issue in Nigeria, affecting millions of people due to inadequate sanitation, industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and oil spills. Contaminated water sources contribute to the spread of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, posing severe risks to human health. This study examines the causes, effects, and potential solutions to water pollution in Nigeria, emphasizing the need for improved policies, infrastructure, and community engagement.

Methods and Materials: This research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining data from scientific literature, government reports, and environmental monitoring agencies. Primary data sources include WHO, Nigerian environmental agencies, and peer-reviewed journals. Case studies of successful water pollution mitigation projects in Nigeria, such as community-led initiatives and government interventions, are analyzed to assess their effectiveness in addressing contamination and improving water quality.

Results: Findings indicate that Nigeria’s water pollution stems from industrial waste, oil spills, improper waste disposal, and agricultural chemicals. Heavy metals, pathogens, and microplastics significantly affect water quality, leading to increased waterborne diseases and long-term health complications, including cancer and neurological disorders. Additionally, poor sanitation infrastructure and rapid urbanization exacerbate contamination. Effective mitigation strategies include stricter regulations, wastewater treatment improvements, and public awareness campaigns.

Conclusion: Addressing water pollution in Nigeria requires a multi-faceted approach involving government policies, technological advancements in water treatment, and active community participation. Strengthening environmental laws, investing in sustainable water management systems, and promoting education on pollution prevention are crucial for safeguarding public health and ensuring clean water access. Future research should focus on long-term water quality monitoring and innovative pollution control technologies.