Correlation between gender and eye refractive error Problems and prospects

Abstract

Goal of the study: To find correlation between gender and eye refractive error as myopia.

Introduction: For example, myopia is one of the most prevalent disorders of the eye. The prevalence increased in the past few decades (now 80-90% in school-leavers). Considering and severe forms of others, associated with a risk of concomitant ophthalmic problems [1-3].

Material and methods: There were analyzed articles from PubMed database from the last 5 years 2020-2025, mentioned such words as “myopia”, “gender”, “refractive error”. And also, hypercarbia pCO2 AV > 6 mmHg. pCO2 and microcirculatory-mitochondrial distress syndrome, shock.

Results: It was found that higher prevalence of myopia were among girls than boys, both at 9-13 years range. Moreover, in multivariable regression models, younger age of myopia onset or longer duration of myopia progression was associated with high myopia. Environmental risk factors for myopia related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been identified. The problem is particularly pronounced in affluent, industrialised areas of East Asia [4].

Conclusion: Generation specific gender preponderance was largely explained by lifestyle factors in youth [5]. The results suggest that in the generations to come, particularly girls should be guided to adhere to protective behavior. There was a higher prevalence of myopia among girls than boys.

And we consider this issue by studying for factors affecting mitochondrial genes, whose mitochondrial functions, require coordinated interactions with products encoded by the nuclear genome. Based on the study at Stanford University, males had higher expression of mitochondrial genes and mitochondrial targeted proteins (MTPs) involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), while females had elevated expression of non-OXPHOS MTPs, indicating strongly sex-dimorphic energy metabolism at the whole organism level [6].  In energy homeostasis, the role of glucose deserves attention as an energy substrate in regulating the menstrual cycle [7].

Thus, improvement of local ocular functions depending on gender differences will be achieved future medical [8] in the context of systemic improvement of mitochondrial functions and targeted therapy. Violations of systemic perfusion pressure cause ischemia of the affected microcirculatory bed with critical damage to mitochondria with manifested hypercarbia pCO2 AV > 6 mmHg. pCO2. AV difference of hypercarbia has become an alarm signal, which is used as a marker of ischemia in terminal conditions with the development of microcirculatory-mitochondrial distress syndrome, MMDS, and the establishment of single or (poli) multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and/or infectious, non-infectious, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), CHAOS -[C]ardiovascular Compromise: shock; [H]omeostasis; [A]poptosis;[O]rgan Dysfunction; [S]uppression of the Immune System with the development, Acute Vascular Distress Syndrome (AVDS) [9-51]. Definition of SPP (~70 mmHg), is the difference between the mean arterial pressure, MAP (90 mmHg), and the capillary resistance pressure, CRP (20 mmHg) [52]